NEWS ITEM

Purpose: to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Newsworthy event(s)
2. Background event(s)
3. Sources
Dominant Language Features:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.

SPOOF

Purpose: to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged

ANECDOTE

Purpose: to share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
Generic Structure:
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda.
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
3. Using temporal conjunctions

REVIEW

Purpose: to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience
dominant Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor

DISCUSSION

Purpose: to present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)
Generic Structure:
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using general and abstract noun
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner

PROCEDURE

Purpose: to help readers how to do or make something completely
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3. Steps/Methods
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Purpose: to persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Dominant Language features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of “How is/will” while hortatory is the answer of “How should”. Analytical exposition will be best to describe “How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question” How should student do for his exam?” will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Purpose: To reveal the readers that something is the important case
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using connectives/transition

EXPLANATION

Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.
Generic Structure:
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

REPORT

Purpose: to presents information about something, as it is.
Generic Structure
1. General classification
2. Description
Dominant Language Feature
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection
3. Using Simple Present Tense

DESCRIPTIVE

Purpose: to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Identification
2. Description
Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms

RECOUNT

Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adjectives
Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.
The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure

NARRATIVE

Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged

Bentuk Text Bahasa Inggris

NARRATIVE
RECOUNT
DESCRIPTIVE
REPORT
EXPLANATION
ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
HORTATORY EXPOSITION
PROCEDURE
DISCUSSION
REVIEW
ANECDOTE
SPOOF
NEWS ITEM

16 Tenses Bahasa Inggris

Eg.

1 . SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

 *  Subject + Verb 1 ( s / es ) + complemant  :: positive ( + )
*   Subject + do / does + not Verb 1 + complemant   :: negative ( - )
*   do / does + subject + verb 1 + complemant   ( ? )


Example ::
1. I always read novel  (+ )
2. I don’t always read novel  (- )
3. Do you always read novel  ( ? )


Eg .

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
* subject + tobe + V1-ing + c (+)
* subject + tobe +not + Verb1 –ing + c (-)
* tobe + subject + Verb- ing + c (?)

Example ::
1. We are studying  physics
2. Are We studying physics ?
3. We are not studying physics


Eg.
3. PRESENT PERPECT TENSE
* subject + has / have + verb III + c (+)
* has  / have + subject + verb III + c (-)
* subject + has / have + verb III + c (?)

Example ::
1. She has never seen a tiger ( + )
2. She hasn’t never seen a tiger ( - )
3. Has She never seen a tiger ( ? )

Eg

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
* subject + has / have + been + Verb I – ing + object (+)
* has / have + subject + been + verb I –ing + object (-)
* subject + has / have + been + verb I – ing + object (?)


Example ::
1.I was reading a newspaper when father came home (+ )
2. Father was reading a  newspaper when come home (- )
3. Was father reading a newspaper when came  home (?)



5. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
* subject + be 2 + verb I – ing (+)
* be 2 + subject + verb I –ing (-)
* subject + be 2 + not + verb I –ing(?)

Example ::
1. I walked to school yesterday ( + )
2. I didn’t walk to school yesterday (- )
3. Did you walk to school yesterday (? )


 Eg .
6.SIMPLE  PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
*subject + be 2 + verb I-ing (+)
* be 2 + subject + verb I-ing (-)
* subject +be 2+ not + verb I-ing(?)

Example ::
1. I was reading newspaper when father came home
2. Was I reading newspaper when father come home
3. I wasn’t reading newspaper when father come home

eg .
7.PAST PERFECT TENSE
* Subject + had + verb III(+)
*Had + subject + verb II (-)
*Subject + had + not + verb III(?)

Example ::
1. I had seen the film before I when to jakarta (+ )
2. I had not seen that film before I when to jakarta ( -)
3. Had you seen that film before you went to jakarta( ?)


Eg .
8 . PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
*Subject + had+ been + verb I –Ing + object (+)
* had + subject + been + verb I-ing + object (-)
* subject + had + not + been + verb I-ing (?)

Example ::
1. They had been living in france for 5 years when the war began
2. They hadn’t been living in france very long when the began


eg .
9. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
*S + shall / will + Verb I(+)
* shall / will + s + Verb I(-)
* s + shall / will + verb I (?)

Example ::
1. He will speak English well soon (+)
2. He  won’t speak english soon (-)
3. Will he be English soon (?)


Eg .
10. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
*s + will / shall + be + verb-ing (+)
* will / shall + not + be + verb I –ing (?)

Example ::
1. They will be studying
2. Will be they studying
3. They will not be studying


eg.
11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
*s+ will/shall + have + been + V I –ing (+)
*will/ shall + s + have + been+ V I –ing (-)
* s+ will/shall + have + been+ V I –ing(?)

Example ::
1. Dina supriana will have been reading
2. Will dina supriana have been reading ?
3. Dina supriana will not have been reading


eg .
12 . FUTURE PERFECT CONTUNIUOUS TENSE
* S + will/ shall + have + been + v I –ing
* will/shall + s+ been + V I-ing
* s+n will/shall + have + been + V I –ing

Example ::
1. Mr. james Ginting will have been teaching for 30 years next january
2 Mr . James Ginting won’t have been teaching for 30 years next january
3. Will Mr. James Ginting have been teaching for 30 years january


eg .
13. PAST FUTURE TENSE
* s + should + would + V I (+)
* should + would + s+ V 1 (-)
* s + should + would + V I (?)

Example ::
1. I should give flowers to dina
2. Should I give to dina
3. I should give not flowers to dina


eg.
14 . PAST FUTURE CONTINIUOUS TENSE
*should + would + be + V I-ing (+)
* would + should + s + V I –ing (-)
* s + would + + should + not + be + V I –ing (?)

Example ::
1. You would be maratton
2.would you be maratton
3. You would not be maratton

eg .
15 . PAST FUTURE FERFECT TENSE
* s + would + should + have + verb III(+)
* would + should + have + Verb  III (-)
* S + would + should + not + have+ Verb  III ()?

example ::
1.you would have know mr. sam
2.would have know mr. sam
3.you would not know mr . sam

eg .
16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS  TENSE
* S + would + should + been + V I –ing (+)
* would + should + s + have + been + V I-ing(-)
*s + would + should + s + have +been + verb I –ing (?)

example ::
1.they should have been living
2.should they have  been living
3.they should not have been living